Category: Advanced Concepts

Python mocking and stubbing are important techniques in unit testing that help to isolate the functionality being tested by replacing real objects or methods with controlled substitutes. In this chapter we are going to understand about Mocking and Stubbing in detail − Python Mocking Mocking is a testing technique in which mock objects are created to simulate…

In Python, Metaprogramming refers to the practice of writing code that has knowledge of itself and can be manipulated. The metaclasses are a powerful tool for metaprogramming in Python, allowing you to customize how classes are created and behave. Using metaclasses, you can create more flexible and efficient programs through dynamic code generation and reflection. Metaprogramming in Python involves techniques…

Metaclasses are a powerful feature in Python that allow you to customize class creation. By using metaclasses, you can add specific behaviors, attributes, and methods to classes, and allowing you to create more flexible, efficient programs. This classes provides the ability to work with metaprogramming in Python. Metaclasses are an OOP concept present in all python code by default. Python provides…

In Python, memory management is automatic, it involves handling a private heap that contains all Python objects and data structures. The Python memory manager internally ensures the efficient allocation and deallocation of this memory. This tutorial will explore Python’s memory management mechanisms, including garbage collection, reference counting, and how variables are stored on the stack and heap. Memory…

The internals of Python objects provides deeper insights into how Python manages and manipulates data. This knowledge is essential for writing efficient, optimized code and for effective debugging. Whether we’re handling immutable or mutable objects by managing memory with reference counting and garbage collection or leveraging special methods and slots, grasping these concepts is fundamental to mastering…

Higher-order functions in Python allows you to manipulate functions for increasing the flexibility and re-usability of your code. You can create higher-order functions using nested scopes or callable objects. Additionally, the functools module provides utilities for working with higher-order functions, making it easier to create decorators and other function-manipulating constructs. This tutorial will explore the concept of…

What are Custom Exceptions in Python? Python custom exceptions are user-defined error classes that extend the base Exception class. Developers can define and handle specific error conditions that are unique to their application. Developers can improve their code by creating custom exceptions. This allows for more meaningful error messages and facilitates the debugging process by indicating what…

An Abstract Base Class (ABC) in Python is a class that cannot be instantiated directly and is intended to be subclassed. ABCs serve as blueprints for other classes by providing a common interface that all subclasses must implement. They are a fundamental part of object-oriented programming in Python which enables the developers to define and enforce a consistent API…