Let us write a simple program in ruby. All ruby files will have extension .rb. So, put the following source code in a test.rb file.
#!/usr/bin/ruby -w puts "Hello, Ruby!";
Here, we assumed that you have Ruby interpreter available in /usr/bin directory. Now, try to run this program as follows −
$ ruby test.rb
This will produce the following result −
Hello, Ruby!
You have seen a simple Ruby program, now let us see a few basic concepts related to Ruby Syntax.
Whitespace in Ruby Program
Whitespace characters such as spaces and tabs are generally ignored in Ruby code, except when they appear in strings. Sometimes, however, they are used to interpret ambiguous statements. Interpretations of this sort produce warnings when the -w option is enabled.
Example
a + b is interpreted as a+b ( Here a is a local variable) a +b is interpreted as a(+b) ( Here a is a method call)
Line Endings in Ruby Program
Ruby interprets semicolons and newline characters as the ending of a statement. However, if Ruby encounters operators, such as +, −, or backslash at the end of a line, they indicate the continuation of a statement.
Ruby Identifiers
Identifiers are names of variables, constants, and methods. Ruby identifiers are case sensitive. It means Ram and RAM are two different identifiers in Ruby.
Ruby identifier names may consist of alphanumeric characters and the underscore character ( _ ).
Reserved Words
The following list shows the reserved words in Ruby. These reserved words may not be used as constant or variable names. They can, however, be used as method names.
| BEGIN | do | next | then |
| END | else | nil | true |
| alias | elsif | not | undef |
| and | end | or | unless |
| begin | ensure | redo | until |
| break | false | rescue | when |
| case | for | retry | while |
| class | if | return | while |
| def | in | self | __FILE__ |
| defined? | module | super | __LINE__ |
Here Document in Ruby
“Here Document” refers to build strings from multiple lines. Following a << you can specify a string or an identifier to terminate the string literal, and all lines following the current line up to the terminator are the value of the string.
If the terminator is quoted, the type of quotes determines the type of the line-oriented string literal. Notice there must be no space between << and the terminator.
Here are different examples −
#!/usr/bin/ruby -w
print <<EOF
This is the first way of creating
here document ie. multiple line string.
EOF
print <<"EOF";# same as aboveThis is the second way of creating
here document ie. multiple line string.EOF
print <<EOC # execute commands
echo hi there
echo lo there
EOC
print <<"foo",<<"bar"# you can stack themI said foo.
foo
I said bar.
bar
This will produce the following result −
This is the first way of creating her document ie. multiple line string. This is the second way of creating her document ie. multiple line string. hi there lo thereI said foo. I said bar.
Ruby BEGIN Statement
Syntax
BEGIN {
code
}
Declares code to be called before the program is run.
Example
#!/usr/bin/ruby
puts "This is main Ruby Program"BEGIN{
puts "Initializing Ruby Program"}
This will produce the following result −
Initializing Ruby Program This is main Ruby Program
Ruby END Statement
Syntax
END {
code
}
Declares code to be called at the end of the program.
Example
#!/usr/bin/ruby
puts "This is main Ruby Program"END{
puts "Terminating Ruby Program"}BEGIN{
puts "Initializing Ruby Program"}
This will produce the following result −
Initializing Ruby Program This is main Ruby Program Terminating Ruby Program
Ruby Comments
A comment hides a line, part of a line, or several lines from the Ruby interpreter. You can use the hash character (#) at the beginning of a line −
# I am a comment. Just ignore me.
Or, a comment may be on the same line after a statement or expression −
name = "Madisetti" # This is again comment
You can comment multiple lines as follows −
# This is a comment. # This is a comment, too. # This is a comment, too. # I said that already.
Here is another form. This block comment conceals several lines from the interpreter with =begin/=end −
=begin This is a comment. This is a comment, too. This is a comment, too. I said that already. =end