Category: Heart Failure

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s metabolic demands. It represents a final common pathway of various cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, valvular disorders, and cardiomyopathies. Traditionally, heart failure was regarded as a single entity, but advances…

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s metabolic demands or to do so only at elevated filling pressures. It is not a single disease but the final common pathway of multiple cardiovascular conditions, including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular disorders,…

1. Definition of Heart Failure Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood adequately to meet the body’s metabolic demands or to do so only at elevated filling pressures. It results from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood, leading to symptoms such as…