Category: Computer Architecture

Introduction Computer architecture has evolved dramatically over the past decades. From the early single-core CPUs to today’s multi-core, specialized, and energy-efficient designs, advancements in architecture continue to shape the capabilities of modern computing systems. Modern developments are driven by the need for higher performance, energy efficiency, scalability, and adaptability to diverse computing tasks such as…

Introduction The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions, performing arithmetic and logical operations, and coordinating the activities of all hardware components. Two critical components of the CPU that make this possible are the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The Control Unit acts as…

Overview In a computer, data transfer between components is essential for proper functioning. Components such as the CPU, memory, and input/output devices must communicate efficiently to execute instructions, process data, and deliver results. This communication is facilitated by a bus system, which consists of interconnected pathways that carry data, addresses, and control signals. A bus…

Introduction Computers are powerful machines capable of processing vast amounts of data quickly and accurately. However, for a computer to be useful, it must be able to interact with the external environment. This interaction is accomplished through Input/Output (I/O) systems, which allow data to flow into the computer from external sources and for processed information…

Introduction The Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is a crucial concept in computer architecture and processor design. It acts as the interface between hardware and software, defining how a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) understands and executes instructions. The ISA determines the set of operations a processor can perform, how data is represented, and how memory…

Introduction In computer systems, memory and storage are fundamental components that determine the speed, efficiency, and reliability of data processing. Every computer relies on a variety of memory types and storage systems to function properly. From the fast-access registers and cache to the long-term storage provided by hard drives and solid-state drives, each component plays…

Introduction The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to as the brain of a computer. It is the primary component responsible for executing instructions, performing calculations, and coordinating tasks across the entire system. Every modern computer, from personal laptops to supercomputers, relies on the CPU to carry out complex operations and ensure seamless performance.…

Overview A computer is a complex electronic system designed to perform a variety of tasks, from simple calculations to complex data processing. Despite their complexity, all computers share a set of fundamental hardware components that work together to execute instructions, store information, and interact with users. These components include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory…

Introduction In the modern world, computers have become indispensable tools for communication, research, business, education, entertainment, and scientific computation. Every operation performed by a computer, whether it is running software applications, accessing the internet, or performing complex scientific calculations, depends on the underlying structure of the computer. This structure is referred to as computer architecture.…