Author: Saim Khalid

Introduction One of the most fascinating areas of life science is genetics and heredity. These two concepts explain how living organisms inherit characteristics from their parents and how these traits are passed down through generations. Genetics is the scientific study of genes, DNA, and the mechanisms that control inheritance, while heredity refers to the actual…

Among the greatest scientific discoveries of the 20th century is the identification of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) as the molecule of heredity. DNA is the blueprint of life, containing the instructions that determine the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. From the shape of your eyes to your resistance against certain diseases, DNA…

Introduction Life is a fascinating and complex phenomenon. From the tiniest bacteria to the tallest trees and the most advanced animals, all living beings are made up of one common building block – the cell. The cell is the fundamental unit of life, often described as the “smallest living factory” because it performs all the…

Life surrounds us in countless forms, from the tiniest bacteria thriving in extreme environments to complex animals like humans capable of thought, language, and culture. The study of this vast diversity of living organisms, their processes, and their interactions with each other and their environments is known as Life Science. It is one of the…

Physical science has always been about unlocking the mysteries of the universe—explaining what matter is made of, how energy flows, and why natural phenomena occur the way they do. From the classical foundations of mechanics and thermodynamics to the revolutionary breakthroughs of relativity and quantum mechanics, physical science has shaped human civilization. In the 21st…

Understanding How and Why Things Move Motion is one of the most fundamental phenomena we observe in the universe. From the rotation of Earth around the Sun to the fall of an apple from a tree, from the flight of birds to the travel of rockets, motion is everywhere. The science of motion explores not…

Unlocking the Secrets of the Atom The atomic nucleus is one of the most powerful and mysterious parts of nature. While atoms form the basic building blocks of matter, their cores — the nucleus — hold incredible energy. This energy can be released in the form of radioactivity and harnessed through nuclear science. From powering…

The Conservation Laws: Nature’s Unbreakable Rules One of the most fascinating aspects of science is the discovery that, despite the complexity of the universe, there are certain rules that remain unchanged and universal. These rules are called the conservation laws. They are the deep principles of physics and chemistry that govern how matter and energy…

The Essential Chemistry of Everyday Life Acids, bases, and salts are among the most important substances in chemistry. They are not just abstract laboratory materials — they are everywhere in daily life. The sourness of lemons, the slipperiness of soap, the fizz in soda, the antacids we take for heartburn, and even the fertilizers used…

The Transformations of Matter From cooking food in the kitchen to fueling rockets in space, chemical reactions are everywhere. They are the processes that change one set of substances into another, often with spectacular results. Understanding chemical reactions is central to chemistry, because they explain how matter transforms, how energy is transferred, and how life…