Author: Saim Khalid

In C++, object-oriented programming (OOP) is built upon four key principles — encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. At the heart of these principles lies the concept of a class. A class serves as a blueprint for creating objects, encapsulating both data (attributes) and functions (methods) that operate on that data. Understanding how to define a…

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most influential paradigms in modern software development. It enables developers to model real-world entities, reuse code efficiently, protect data through encapsulation, and maintain large-scale systems with clarity and flexibility. At the core of OOP lie two powerful concepts: classes and objects. In this post, we will explore in…

In the world of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), one of the most fundamental and powerful concepts is the idea of an object. An object represents a real-world entity or concept within a program. It is the building block that allows developers to model, organize, and manage complex systems in a more natural and intuitive way. This…

Programming in C++ follows multiple paradigms, one of the most important being object-oriented programming (OOP). The central concept in OOP is the idea of classes and objects. A class acts as a blueprint for creating objects, while an object represents a real-world entity that contains both data and behavior. Understanding classes is essential to mastering…

In C++, pointers are powerful tools that allow you to directly manipulate memory. However, they can also be a source of errors and bugs if not handled carefully. One of the most common issues when working with pointers is the null pointer. Understanding what null pointers are, how to safely handle them, and how to…

Overview In C++, pointers provide a powerful mechanism for dynamically managing memory and interacting with objects. They not only allow for dynamic memory allocation but also facilitate the use of objects in a more flexible manner. One of the most common applications of pointers is in working with objects of a class. When you use…

Dynamic memory allocation in C++ is a powerful feature that allows you to allocate memory during runtime, as opposed to static memory allocation where memory is determined at compile time. This flexibility is especially useful when working with data structures like linked lists, trees, graphs, and other dynamic structures, where the size of the data…

Overview In C++, pointers are not only used to point to variables but can also point to functions. Function pointers allow you to store the address of a function, which you can later use to call that function dynamically. This feature is crucial for implementing certain programming paradigms like callback functions and event-driven programming, where…

In C++, pointers and arrays are two fundamental concepts that are closely related and often used together. Understanding how they work can significantly improve the efficiency and flexibility of your programs. Arrays and pointers are essential tools for handling large sets of data, performing low-level memory operations, and manipulating data structures. In this post, we’ll…

Overview In C++, pointers are more than just variables that hold memory addresses—they are powerful tools for manipulating memory directly. One of the key features of pointers is pointer arithmetic, which allows you to perform mathematical operations on pointer values. This concept enables programmers to work with arrays, dynamic memory, and data structures more efficiently.…