Tools Utilities

The standard library comes with a number of modules that can be used both as modules and as command-line utilities.

The dis Module

The dis module is the Python disassembler. It converts byte codes to a format that is slightly more appropriate for human consumption.

You can run the disassembler from the command line. It compiles the given script and prints the disassembled byte codes to the STDOUT. You can also use dis as a module. The dis function takes a class, method, function or code object as its single argument.

Example

import dis
defsum():
   vara =10
   varb =20sum= vara + varb
   print("vara + varb = %d"%sum)# Call dis function for the function.
dis.dis(sum)

This would produce the following result −

  3           0 LOAD_CONST               1 (10)
          2 STORE_FAST               0 (vara)
  4           4 LOAD_CONST               2 (20)
          6 STORE_FAST               1 (varb)
  6           8 LOAD_FAST                0 (vara)
         10 LOAD_FAST                1 (varb)
         12 BINARY_ADD
         14 STORE_FAST               2 (sum)
  7          16 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (print)
         18 LOAD_CONST               3 ('vara + varb = %d')
         20 LOAD_FAST                2 (sum)
         22 BINARY_MODULO
         24 CALL_FUNCTION            1
         26 POP_TOP
         28 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
         30 RETURN_VALUE

The pdb Module

The pdb module is the standard Python debugger. It is based on the bdb debugger framework.

You can run the debugger from the command line (type n [or next] to go to the next line and help to get a list of available commands) −

Example

Before you try to run pdb.py, set your path properly to Python lib directory. So let us try with above example sum.py −

$pdb.py sum.py
>/test/sum.py(3)<module>()->import dis
(Pdb) n
>/test/sum.py(5)<module>()->defsum():(Pdb) n
>/test/sum.py(14)<module>()-> dis.dis(sum)(Pdb) n
  60 LOAD_CONST               1(10)3 STORE_FAST               0(vara)76 LOAD_CONST               2(20)9 STORE_FAST               1(varb)912 LOAD_FAST                0(vara)15 LOAD_FAST                1(varb)18 BINARY_ADD
         19 STORE_FAST               2(sum)1022 LOAD_CONST               3('vara + varb = %d')25 LOAD_FAST                2(sum)28 BINARY_MODULO               
         29 PRINT_ITEM
         30 PRINT_NEWLINE            
         31 LOAD_CONST               0(None)34 RETURN_VALUE                         
--Return-->/test/sum.py(14)<module>()->None-v dis.dis(sum)(Pdb) n
--Return--><string>(1)<module>()->None(Pdb)

The profile Module

The profile module is the standard Python profiler. You can run the profiler from the command line −

Example

Let us try to profile the following program −

vara =10
varb =20sum= vara + varb
print"vara + varb = %d"%sum

Now, try running cProfile.py over this file sum.py as follow −

$cProfile.py sum.py
vara + varb =304 function calls in0.000 CPU seconds
   Ordered by: standard name
ncalls   tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno
 10.0000.0000.0000.000<string>:1(<module>)10.0000.0000.0000.000sum.py:3(<module>)10.0000.0000.0000.000{execfile}10.0000.0000.0000.000{method ......}

The tabnanny Module

The tabnanny module checks Python source files for ambiguous indentation. If a file mixes tabs and spaces in a way that throws off indentation, no matter what tab size you’re using, the nanny complains.

Example

Let us try to profile the following program −

vara =10
varb =20sum= vara + varb
print"vara + varb = %d"%sum

If you would try a correct file with tabnanny.py, then it won’t complain as follows −

$tabnanny.py -v sum.py
'sum.py': Clean bill of health.