In PHP, the keywords try, catch, throw and finally are provided to deal with exceptions. Whereas an Error is an unexpected program result, which cannot be handled by the program itself and the program has to be terminated with die() or setting a custom error handler.
On the other hand, an exception refers to an unexpected situation which can be handled in such a way that the program may keep running after throwing the exception out of its normal flow.
An exception can be thrown, and caught with the catch keyword within PHP code. A code block which is potentially prone to exception is surrounded by a try block. Each try must have at least one corresponding catch or finally block.
Try, Throw, Catch, and Finally
The four exception related keywords have the following role to play −
- Try − A block of code where some exception is likely to occur is placed in “try” block. If exception is not triggered, the code continues execution. However, if exception does occur, it is “thrown”. The execution is halted and PHP looks for matching “catch” block. If the exception is not caught, PHP issues a Fatal Error.
- Throw − Here is how you trigger an exception. Each “throw” must have at least one “catch” or “finally” block.
- Catch − a block that retrieves an exception and creates an object containing the exception information. Multiple catch blocks can be used to catch different exceptions.
- Finally − Code within a finally block is always executed after throw or catch block.
Example
Here is an example of exception handling technique. The code renders two text fields on the browser and asks the user to enter two numbers for their division to be performed. If the second number (denominator) is 0, an exception is thrown and the program enters the catch block and prints the exception message. Otherwise the result of division is displayed.
<html><body><form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>" method="post"><h3>First No: <input type="text" name="first"/></h3><h3>Second No: <input type="text" name="second"/></h3><input type="submit" value="Submit" /></form><?php?></body></html>if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") { $x = $_POST['first']; $y = $_POST['second']; echo "$x $y"; try { if ($y == 0) { throw new Exception("Division by Zero"); } $z = $x/$y; echo "<h3>x = $x y = $y Division = $z<br>"; } catch (Exception $e) { echo "<h3> Exception: " . $e->getMessage(); } }
It will produce the following output −
Case 1: x = 10 y = 5 Division = 2 Case 2: x = 10 y = 0 Exception: Division by Zero
The Exception Class
PHP throws an object of Exception class. In PHP, Exception class is the base for user exceptions. It implements throwable interface.
This class defines the following methods −
getMessage()
This function returns the Exception message as a string −
finalpublicException::getMessage():string
getCode()
This function returns the exception code as int in Exception −
finalpublicException::getCode():int
Take a look at the following example −
try{thrownewException("Some error message",30);}catch(Exception$e){echo"The exception code is: ".$e->getCode();}
getFile()
This function returns the filename in which the exception was created −
finalpublicException::getFile():string
Take a look at the following example −
try{if($y==0){thrownewException("Division by Zero");}$z=$x/$y;echo"<h3>x = $x y = $y Division = $z<br>";}catch(Exception$e){echo"<h3> Exception: ".$e->getMessage()." in ".$e->getFile();}
It will produce the following output −
Exception: Division by Zero in C:\xampp\htdocs\hello.php
getLine()
This function returns the line number where the exception was created −
finalpublicException::getLine():int
Example
Take a look at the following example −
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$x = $_POST['first'];
$y = $_POST['second'];
echo "$x $y";
try {
if ($y == 0) {
throw new Exception("Division by Zero");
}
$z = $x/$y;
echo "<h3>x = $x y = $y Division = $z<br>";
}
catch (Exception $e) {
echo "<h3> Exception: " . $e->getMessage(). " in " . $e->getLine() . " of " . $e->getFile();
}
}
?>
It will produce the following output −
Exception: Division by Zero in 21 of C:\xampp\htdocs\hello.php
Multiple Catch Blocks
PHP allows a series of catch blocks following a try block to handle different exception cases. Multiple catch blocks may be employed to handle predefined exceptions and errors as well as user defined exceptions.
Example
The following example uses catch blocks to process DivisioByZeroError, TypeError, ArgumentCountError and InvalidArgumentException conditions. There is also a catch block to handle general Exception.
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
function divide(int $a, int $b) : int {
return $a / $b;
}
$a=10;
$b=0;
try {
if (!$b) {
throw new DivisionByZeroError('Division by zero.');
if (is_int($a)==FALSE || is_int($b)==FALSE)
throw new InvalidArgumentException("Invalid type of arguments");
$result=divide($a, $b);
echo $result;
}
// if argument types not matching
catch (TypeError $x) {
echo $x->getMessage();
}
// if denominator is 0
catch (DivisionByZeroError $y) {
echo $y->getMessage();
}
// if number of arguments not equal to 2
catch (ArgumentCountError $z) {
echo $z->getMessage();
}
// if argument types not matching
catch (InvalidArgumentException $i) {
echo $i->getMessage();
}
// any uncaught exception
catch (Exception $ex) {
echo $ex->getMessage();
}
?>
To begin with, since denominator is 0, “divide by 0” error will be displayed −
Division by 0
Set $b=3 which will cause TypeError because divide function is expected to return integer but division results in float.
divide(): Return value must be of type int, float returned
If just one variable is passed to divide function by changing $res=divide($a); this will result in an ArgumentCountError −
Too few arguments to function divide(), 1 passed in C:\xampp\htdocs\hello.php on line 16 and exactly 2 expected
If one of arguments is not integer, it is a case of InvalidArgumentException. Change $b to a string −
Invalid type of arguments
The Finally Block
A finally block may also be specified after or instead of catch blocks. Code within the finally block will always be executed after the try and catch blocks, regardless of whether an exception has been thrown, and before normal execution resumes.
try{if($y==0){thrownewException("Division by Zero");}$z=$x/$y;echo"<h3>x = $x y = $y Division = $z </h3><br>";}catch(Exception$e){echo"<h3> Exception: ".$e->getMessage()."</h3>";}finally{echo"<h3>End of try - catch - finally</h3>";}
It will produce the following output −
Case 1 −
x = 10 y = 5 Division = 2 End of try - catch finally
Case 2 −
X=10 y=0 Exception: Division by Zero End of try - catch finally
Finally With Return
There is a peculiar behaviour of finally block when either try block or catch block (or both) contain a return statement. Normally a return statement causes the control of program to go back to the calling position. However, in case of a function with try/catch block with return, the statements in finally block are executed first before returning.
Example
In the following example, the div() function has a “try-catch-finally” construct. The try block without exception returns result of division. In case of exception, the catch block returns an error message. However, in either case, the statement in the finally block is executed first.
<?php
function div($x, $y) {
try {
if ($y==0)
throw new Exception("Division by 0");
else
$res=$x/$y;;
return $res;
}
catch (Exception $e) {
return $e->getMessage();
}
finally {
echo "This block is always executed\n";
}
}
$x=10;
$y=0;
echo div($x,$y);
?>
It will produce the following output −
This block is always executed Division by 0