Author: Saim Khalid

Store book records, search books.

SEARCH, SEARCH ALL, file handling.

Manage stock (add items, update stock, display).
Tables (arrays), loops, PERFORM.

Deposit, withdraw, and check balance.
IF-ELSE, arithmetic, file storage.

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
   PROGRAM-ID. BANKING.
   DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   01 ACCOUNT-BAL   PIC 9(6)V99 VALUE 1000.00.
   01 AMOUNT        PIC 9(6)V99.
   01 CHOICE        PIC 9.
   PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MAIN-PARA.
       DISPLAY "1. CHECK BALANCE"
       DISPLAY "2. DEPOSIT"
       DISPLAY "3. WITHDRAW"
       ACCEPT CHOICE
       IF CHOICE = 1
           DISPLAY "BALANCE = " ACCOUNT-BAL
       ELSE IF CHOICE = 2
           DISPLAY "ENTER AMOUNT TO DEPOSIT: "
           ACCEPT AMOUNT
           ADD AMOUNT TO ACCOUNT-BAL
           DISPLAY "UPDATED BALANCE = " ACCOUNT-BAL
       ELSE IF CHOICE = 3
           DISPLAY "ENTER AMOUNT TO WITHDRAW: "
           ACCEPT AMOUNT
           IF AMOUNT > ACCOUNT-BAL
               DISPLAY "INSUFFICIENT BALANCE"
           ELSE
               SUBTRACT AMOUNT FROM ACCOUNT-BAL
               DISPLAY "UPDATED BALANCE = " ACCOUNT-BAL
           END-IF
       END-IF.
       STOP RUN.

Explanation:

• Starts with balance = 1000.
• User can check balance, deposit, or withdraw.
• Prevents withdrawal if funds are insufficient.

Calculate employee salaries with bonuses/deductions.
Arithmetic operations, conditional logic.

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
   PROGRAM-ID. PAYROLL.
   DATA DIVISION.
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   01 EMP-NAME       PIC A(20).
   01 BASIC-SALARY   PIC 9(5)V99.
   01 BONUS          PIC 9(5)V99.
   01 DEDUCTION      PIC 9(5)V99.
   01 NET-SALARY     PIC 9(6)V99.
   PROCEDURE DIVISION.
       DISPLAY "ENTER EMPLOYEE NAME: " ACCEPT EMP-NAME
       DISPLAY "ENTER BASIC SALARY: " ACCEPT BASIC-SALARY
       DISPLAY "ENTER BONUS: " ACCEPT BONUS
       DISPLAY "ENTER DEDUCTION: " ACCEPT DEDUCTION
       COMPUTE NET-SALARY = BASIC-SALARY + BONUS - DEDUCTION
       DISPLAY "EMPLOYEE: " EMP-NAME
       DISPLAY "NET SALARY: " NET-SALARY
       STOP RUN.

Explanation:

• COMPUTE is used to calculate salary.
• Accepts employee details, bonus & deductions.
• Displays final salary.

Store and display student details.
File handling, ACCEPT/DISPLAY, structured records.

       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
   PROGRAM-ID. STUDENT-RECORD.
   ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
   INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
   FILE-CONTROL.
       SELECT STUDENT-FILE ASSIGN TO 'STUDENT.DAT'
       ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
   DATA DIVISION.
   FILE SECTION.
   FD STUDENT-FILE.
   01 STUDENT-REC.
      05 STUDENT-ID    PIC 9(4).
      05 STUDENT-NAME  PIC A(20).
      05 STUDENT-AGE   PIC 9(2).
   WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
   01 WS-CHOICE       PIC 9 VALUE 0.
   01 WS-EOF          PIC X VALUE 'N'.
   PROCEDURE DIVISION.
   MAIN-PARA.
       DISPLAY "1. ADD STUDENT"
       DISPLAY "2. DISPLAY STUDENTS"
       ACCEPT WS-CHOICE
       IF WS-CHOICE = 1
           OPEN OUTPUT STUDENT-FILE
           DISPLAY "ENTER ID: " ACCEPT STUDENT-ID
           DISPLAY "ENTER NAME: " ACCEPT STUDENT-NAME
           DISPLAY "ENTER AGE: " ACCEPT STUDENT-AGE
           WRITE STUDENT-REC
           CLOSE STUDENT-FILE
       ELSE
           OPEN INPUT STUDENT-FILE
           PERFORM UNTIL WS-EOF = 'Y'
               READ STUDENT-FILE
                   AT END MOVE 'Y' TO WS-EOF
                   NOT AT END DISPLAY STUDENT-REC
               END-READ
           END-PERFORM
           CLOSE STUDENT-FILE
       END-IF.
       STOP RUN.

Explanation:

• STUDENT.DAT stores student records.
• User can add a student or display all students.
• File handling (OPEN, WRITE, READ, CLOSE) is demonstrated.

• Very strong in business data processing.
• Handles huge amounts of data efficiently.
• Still used in banking, finance, insurance, government systems.
• Easy to read (English-like).

• SEARCH → Linear search, works with unsorted tables.
• SEARCH ALL → Binary search, requires sorted table, faster.

COBOL uses FILE SECTION in DATA DIVISION.

• Files are processed using OPEN, READ, WRITE, CLOSE.

Example:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. FILE-DEMO.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT EMP-FILE ASSIGN TO 'EMP.DAT'
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD EMP-FILE.
01 EMP-REC.
   05 EMP-ID     PIC 9(4).
   05 EMP-NAME   PIC A(20).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 WS-EOF PIC X VALUE 'N'.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
OPEN INPUT EMP-FILE
PERFORM UNTIL WS-EOF = 'Y'
    READ EMP-FILE
        AT END MOVE 'Y' TO WS-EOF
        NOT AT END DISPLAY EMP-REC
    END-READ
END-PERFORM
CLOSE EMP-FILE
STOP RUN.

STOP RUN → Ends the main program & returns control to OS.

GOBACK → Returns control to caller (or OS if no caller).

EXIT PROGRAM → Used in subprograms to return control to calling program.

• Level 88 → Conditional variable, used for readability in conditions.

Example:

01 STATUS-CODE    PIC 9(1).
   88 SUCCESS     VALUE 1.
   88 FAILURE     VALUE 0.

IF SUCCESS
   DISPLAY "Operation Successful".