Author: Saim Khalid

Forms and Transformations Energy is one of the most fundamental concepts in science. It powers our bodies, fuels machines, lights our homes, and drives the universe itself. Without energy, nothing could move, change, or exist as we know it. But what exactly is energy? How do scientists define it, and why is it so important?…

Sir Isaac Newton’s three laws of motion form the backbone of classical mechanics — the rules that explain how objects move, interact, and respond to forces. These simple-looking laws connect everyday observations (why a ball rolls, why cars stop, why rockets fly) to precise mathematical relationships engineers and scientists use to design everything from bridges…

Building Blocks of the Universe Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Everything around us—whether it is the air we breathe, the water we drink, or the stars shining in the night sky—is made up of atoms. Although atoms are incredibly tiny, understanding their structure is one of the most important achievements of science.…

The Nature of MatterSolids, Liquids, and Gases Explained Matter is everything that occupies space and has mass. From the air we breathe to the food we eat, and from the stars in the night sky to the smallest grain of sand, everything is made up of matter. Understanding matter is one of the first steps…

Examples:

Henry’s Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid (at constant temperature). C=kH⋅PC = k_H \cdot PC=kH​⋅P Where: Applications in Chemical Engineering:

Importance in distillation:

Raoult’s Law describes the vapor pressure of a liquid mixture: PA=xA⋅PA0P_A = x_A \cdot P_A^0PA​=xA​⋅PA0​ Where: Applications:

The Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless number used to predict fluid flow behavior. Re=ρvDμRe = \frac{\rho v D}{\mu}Re=μρvD​ Where: Significance: