Author: Saim Khalid

Introduction The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite and has been a source of wonder, inspiration, and scientific curiosity since ancient times. Its gravitational pull controls ocean tides, its phases have guided calendars for thousands of years, and its surface tells the story of the Solar System’s violent past. For humanity, the Moon is more…

The Sun is the heart of our solar system. It provides light, heat, and energy that sustain life on Earth, drives our weather, and influences the orbits of planets. Without the Sun, life as we know it would not exist. Though it looks like a glowing ball in the sky, the Sun is a massive,…

Introduction The Solar System is our cosmic neighborhood—a vast and fascinating system dominated by the Sun and its gravitational influence. It is home to eight planets, over 200 known moons, countless asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets, and interplanetary dust. Understanding the Solar System is essential not only for astronomy but also for appreciating our planet’s…

Human beings have always looked up at the night sky with wonder. From ancient civilizations that tracked the stars to modern scientists who send telescopes into orbit, the study of space has fascinated humanity for thousands of years. This curiosity gave birth to two closely related fields: Space Science and Astronomy. Space Science deals with…

Introduction The Earth is our only home, and its environment provides everything we need to survive—clean air, fresh water, fertile soil, forests, oceans, and biodiversity. However, in the past few centuries, human activities have placed immense pressure on these natural systems. The rise of industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, overpopulation, and excessive use of fossil fuels has…

The story of life on Earth is written not in books but in stones. For billions of years, organisms have lived, thrived, and disappeared, leaving behind traces of their existence. These traces, preserved in rocks, sediments, or amber, are called fossils. Fossils provide a direct record of ancient organisms, revealing how life has evolved and…

Introduction The Earth is a treasure chest of natural resources that have supported life and civilization since the beginning of time. From the air we breathe to the water we drink, from the minerals in our gadgets to the fossil fuels that power industries, every aspect of human survival and progress depends on these resources.…

Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface and hold about 97% of the planet’s water. They regulate climate, support biodiversity, and sustain human life in countless ways. Yet oceans are not static bodies of water—they are dynamic systems influenced by currents, tides, and marine ecosystems. Understanding these processes is essential for appreciating how oceans…

Introduction The Earth is a dynamic planet, constantly influenced by the atmosphere that surrounds it. Every day, we experience changes in weather—sunny skies, heavy rains, strong winds, or chilly mornings. Beyond these short-term variations lies climate, the long-term pattern of weather in a particular region. Together, weather and climate systems control life on Earth, influencing…

The Earth’s atmosphere is a vast, invisible blanket of gases that surrounds our planet, making life possible. Without it, Earth would be a barren rock, exposed to harmful solar radiation, extreme temperatures, and lacking the oxygen we breathe. The atmosphere not only sustains life but also regulates climate, shields us from space hazards, and plays…