Author: Saim Khalid

Introduction Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) represent a spectrum of clinical conditions caused by acute myocardial ischemia due to an abrupt reduction or complete cessation of coronary blood flow. The umbrella term ACS encompasses unstable angina (UA), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). These conditions remain leading causes of morbidity and…

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While revascularization strategies such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) play an essential role, medical therapy remains the cornerstone of both symptom control and prognosis improvement. The primary goals of…

Introduction Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) represents a critical cardiovascular emergency characterized by the sudden occlusion of a coronary artery due to thrombus formation on a ruptured or eroded atherosclerotic plaque. Prolonged ischemia leads to irreversible myocardial necrosis, making time-to-reperfusion the single most important determinant of survival and long-term outcomes. Reperfusion therapy—either via thrombolysis (fibrinolysis) or…

Introduction Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the most significant contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accurate diagnosis and assessment of CAD are crucial for guiding management, selecting appropriate interventions, and improving patient outcomes. While non-invasive imaging modalities such as stress testing, CT angiography, and nuclear imaging provide valuable information, invasive coronary angiography remains…

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the most common cardiovascular condition worldwide, and early detection of myocardial ischemia is critical to prevent progression to myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Non-invasive diagnostic tools, particularly stress testing and imaging modalities, play a pivotal role in assessing coronary artery disease (CAD), identifying high-risk patients, and guiding therapeutic strategies.…

Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most valuable tools in diagnosing and monitoring ischemic heart disease (IHD). Since ischemia, injury, and infarction alter the electrical activity of the myocardium, these changes are reflected in the ECG waveform. A systematic approach to interpreting ischemic changes on the ECG helps in early diagnosis, localization, and risk stratification…

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition characterized by reduced blood supply to the myocardium, usually due to atherosclerotic plaque formation in the coronary arteries. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical presentation of IHD varies widely, from classic anginal pain…

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. IHD encompasses a spectrum of clinical conditions that arise from reduced coronary blood flow, resulting in myocardial ischemia. The clinical manifestations range from stable angina, reflecting chronic ischemia, to acute coronary syndromes (ACS)…

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), arises when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, leading to myocardial ischemia. Understanding the pathophysiology of IHD is essential for clinicians to recognize the underlying mechanisms, identify high-risk patients, and implement preventive and therapeutic strategies. This post provides a comprehensive…

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic disorders remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding risk factors—both modifiable and non-modifiable—and implementing effective prevention strategies is essential to reduce the burden of these conditions. This article explores major risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, lifestyle factors, and genetic predisposition, and outlines primary and secondary prevention strategies…