Author: Saim Khalid

Fortran, one of the earliest high-level programming languages, was specifically designed for numerical and scientific computation. To write modular, maintainable, and reusable code, Fortran provides functions and subroutines. These two constructs allow programmers to organize programs into logical blocks that perform specific tasks. Understanding the differences between functions and subroutines and how to implement them…

Arrays are one of the most important data structures in Fortran, particularly in scientific and numerical computing. An array is a collection of elements, all of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations and accessed using indices. Arrays simplify the storage and manipulation of large sets of data, such as measurements, simulation results,…

Fortran, one of the earliest programming languages, is still widely used in scientific computing, numerical analysis, and engineering applications. Loops are fundamental constructs in Fortran that allow repeated execution of a block of code. Fortran primarily supports two types of loops: DO loops (count-controlled loops) and DO WHILE loops (condition-controlled loops). Understanding these loops is…

Control structures are fundamental building blocks in programming. They allow the programmer to dictate the flow of a program based on certain conditions. One of the most widely used control structures is the IF statement. IF statements are used to execute a block of code only when a specified condition is true. 1. Introduction to…

In programming, operators and expressions form the foundation of computations. They allow us to manipulate data, make decisions, and control the flow of a program. Fortran, being one of the oldest high-level programming languages, provides a robust set of operators and expression handling mechanisms. This post will explore these in detail with examples and explanations.…

Fortran, which stands for Formula Translation, is one of the oldest high-level programming languages, primarily designed for numerical and scientific computing. One of the fundamental concepts in Fortran programming is the use of variables and data types. Proper understanding and usage of variables and data types are crucial for writing efficient and error-free programs. This…

Fortran, short for “Formula Translation,” is one of the oldest high-level programming languages in existence. Developed in the 1950s by IBM, Fortran was originally designed for numeric and scientific computing. Its creation marked a significant step forward in programming because it allowed engineers, scientists, and mathematicians to express mathematical formulas in a language that could…

Testing is an essential part of software development, ensuring that your Django application works correctly and remains stable as it grows. While basic testing in Django involves writing simple TestCase classes, modern projects require advanced testing techniques such as factory-based testing, coverage analysis, continuous integration, and testing asynchronous tasks and API endpoints. This guide will…

Testing is a crucial aspect of software development. It ensures that your Django applications work correctly, remain maintainable, and scale safely. Django provides a robust built-in testing framework based on Python’s unittest module, enabling developers to write unit tests, integration tests, and even mock databases for comprehensive test coverage. In this guide, we will explore…

Introduction Real-time applications like chat apps, notifications, and live dashboards require instant communication between the server and client. Traditional HTTP requests are one-way and cannot push updates to clients immediately. This is where WebSockets and Django Channels come in. Django Channels extends the Django framework to support asynchronous communication and WebSockets, allowing you to build…