Author: Saim Khalid

Fortran is one of the earliest high-level programming languages, primarily used in scientific computing, numerical analysis, and engineering applications. A crucial aspect of programming in Fortran is variable declaration and initialization. Proper declaration ensures that the compiler knows the type of data a variable will hold, while initialization assigns a starting value, preventing unpredictable behavior…

In Fortran, character variables are used to store textual information, such as letters, words, or entire strings. Unlike numeric variables that store integers or floating-point numbers, character variables hold sequences of characters, enabling programs to handle names, labels, messages, and other textual data. Character variables are essential in scientific computing for reporting results, creating user…

Fortran, a powerful programming language widely used in scientific and engineering applications, provides a variety of data types to represent different kinds of information. Among these, logical variables play a crucial role in controlling program flow. Logical variables store true or false values and are often used in conditional statements, loops, and logical expressions. Understanding…

Complex numbers are an extension of the real number system and play a crucial role in many areas of science and engineering. A complex number has both a real part and an imaginary part. In Fortran, complex variables are supported natively, making computations with complex numbers efficient and straightforward. 1. Introduction to Complex Numbers A…

In Fortran, numerical computations are fundamental to solving scientific, engineering, and mathematical problems. One of the key aspects of numerical programming is the use of variables capable of representing fractional numbers. Fortran provides two main types of floating-point variables: real and double precision. Understanding the differences, use cases, and implications of these types is essential…

Fortran, one of the oldest high-level programming languages, is widely used in scientific computing, engineering simulations, and numerical analysis. Among the fundamental concepts in Fortran programming are variables, which are used to store data. One of the most basic yet powerful types of variables in Fortran is the integer variable. Integer variables store whole numbers…

In programming, variables are fundamental building blocks that allow us to store, manipulate, and retrieve data during the execution of a program. In Fortran, as in many programming languages, variables represent memory locations that hold specific types of data. Each variable has a name, a data type, and a value that can be read or…

Fortran is a high-performance programming language extensively used in scientific computing, numerical simulations, and engineering applications. While traditional Fortran programs were often monolithic and procedural, modern Fortran emphasizes modularity, readability, and maintainability. One of the most powerful features of modern Fortran is the module, which allows developers to organize code, encapsulate functionality, and enable code…

File handling is a fundamental part of programming that allows a program to read from and write to files. Fortran, being a powerful scientific and engineering programming language, provides robust support for file operations. These operations include opening files, reading data, writing data, and closing files. Proper file handling ensures data persistence, reusability, and efficient…

Input and output (I/O) operations are essential in any programming language. They allow programs to interact with users, read data from files, and display results. In Fortran, input and output operations are performed using commands like read, print, and write. This post will explore these commands in detail, along with practical examples and best practices…