Author: Saim Khalid

Fortran is a powerful programming language used extensively in scientific computing, numerical simulations, and engineering applications. Alongside arithmetic operations, logical operators play a critical role in controlling program flow, making decisions, and handling conditions. One of the most fundamental logical operators in Fortran is the AND operator, represented as .and.. The .and. operator evaluates two…

Relational operators are essential tools in Fortran programming that allow comparison of values. They return logical results (.true. or .false.) based on the relationship between operands. Among the relational operators, greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), and less than or equal to (<=) are fundamental for evaluating numerical relationships.…

Fortran, a powerful programming language extensively used in scientific, engineering, and numerical applications, provides a variety of operators to compare values. Among these, relational operators are crucial for making decisions, controlling loops, validating data, and driving the logic of programs. This post focuses on the equality (==) and inequality (/=) operators, which are used to…

Exponentiation is one of the fundamental mathematical operations. It allows raising a number to a power, which is essential in many scientific, engineering, and mathematical applications. In Fortran, the exponentiation operator ** is used to perform this operation efficiently and consistently across different numeric types. 1. Introduction to Exponentiation Exponentiation involves two numbers: a base…

Arithmetic operators form the foundation of all numerical computations in programming. In Fortran, multiplication and division are two of the most frequently used arithmetic operators. They allow programmers to scale values, calculate ratios, and perform essential mathematical operations. Understanding how these operators work with different data types, such as real and integer, is crucial for…

Fortran is a powerful language widely used in scientific computing, engineering, and numerical simulations. One of the most fundamental aspects of programming in Fortran is performing arithmetic operations. Among these, addition and subtraction are the most basic and commonly used operations. These operators can be applied to integer, real, and double precision variables to perform…

In Fortran programming, operators and expressions are fundamental concepts that form the backbone of computations. Operators are symbols that specify the type of operation to be performed on variables or constants, while expressions are combinations of variables, constants, and operators that evaluate to a value. Mastering operators and expressions is crucial for performing mathematical calculations,…

Fortran, one of the earliest programming languages, remains highly relevant in scientific computing, numerical analysis, and engineering simulations. While modern Fortran provides advanced features, adhering to good programming practices ensures that your code is readable, maintainable, efficient, and less prone to errors. This post summarizes key practices and demonstrates how to implement them effectively. 1.…

Type conversion is an essential concept in programming, allowing a programmer to convert data from one type to another. In Fortran, type conversion is performed using intrinsic functions, which provide a simple and effective way to ensure that calculations and operations between different data types are accurate and predictable. 1. Introduction to Type Conversion Fortran…

In programming, constants are fixed values that do not change throughout the execution of a program. Using constants enhances code readability, reduces errors, and simplifies maintenance. Fortran provides a powerful mechanism to define constants using the parameter attribute. This post will explore the use of parameter in Fortran, including syntax, examples, best practices, and practical…