Author: Saim Khalid

Fortran, a pioneering high-level programming language, has long been a favorite for scientific and engineering computations. One of its greatest strengths is the ability to structure programs in a modular way, separating tasks into manageable, reusable components. Two key tools for modular programming in Fortran are functions and subroutines. Modular programming not only enhances readability…

In Fortran, subroutines are modular program units designed to perform specific tasks. Unlike functions, which return a single value, subroutines can execute complex operations, modify variables, and return multiple results through arguments. This makes them extremely useful for modular programming, improving code readability, reusability, and maintainability in scientific and engineering applications. Subroutines become even more…

In Fortran, subroutines are a fundamental way to modularize code. They allow programmers to encapsulate specific tasks into reusable blocks, improving readability, maintainability, and scalability of programs. Unlike functions, subroutines perform tasks but do not return values directly; instead, they may modify their arguments or produce output via other means. This post provides a complete…

In Fortran programming, functions are essential for modular, reusable, and organized code. Functions can accept one or more arguments (parameters), process them, and return a result. Using functions with multiple arguments allows programmers to perform calculations or transformations involving several inputs without repeating code. This post provides a detailed explanation of functions with multiple arguments…

In programming, functions are used to perform reusable computations or operations and return a value. Fortran supports both internal and external functions, allowing programmers to organize code efficiently, improve readability, and reuse functionality across multiple programs. Understanding the distinction between internal and external functions is essential for writing modular, maintainable, and scalable Fortran programs. 1.…

Fortran is a high-level programming language primarily used in scientific computing, numerical simulations, and engineering applications. Functions in Fortran are subprograms that perform a specific task and return a value. Functions help organize code, avoid repetition, and make programs modular, readable, and maintainable. This post provides a comprehensive discussion on declaring and using functions in…

In programming, modularity is a fundamental concept that promotes code reuse, readability, and maintainability. Fortran, a language widely used in scientific computing, provides two primary modular program units: functions and subroutines. These constructs allow programmers to encapsulate repeated code into separate, reusable units that can be called from multiple places in a program. Understanding functions…

In Fortran, matrices are represented as two-dimensional arrays, which are widely used in scientific computing, engineering simulations, numerical analysis, and data processing. Performing operations on matrices often requires nested loops to traverse rows and columns. This post explores how to access and manipulate 2D arrays (matrices) using DO loops, perform arithmetic operations, implement common matrix…

Arrays are essential in Fortran programming for storing multiple values of the same type. Often, it is necessary to process each element individually, whether to perform calculations, modify values, or extract information. The DO loop is the primary mechanism for iterating through arrays efficiently. This post provides a detailed exploration of iterating through arrays with…

Fortran is a high-level programming language widely used in scientific computing, numerical simulations, and engineering applications. One of its most powerful features is array operations, which allow programmers to perform calculations on multiple data points efficiently. Among these operations, the SUM function is a fundamental tool used to compute the total of all elements in…