Continuous, and semi-batch processes.
- Batch process
- Raw materials loaded → reaction/operation takes place → product removed.
- Time-dependent, flexible, but less efficient.
- Example: Pharmaceutical manufacturing, specialty chemicals.
- Continuous process
- Raw materials fed continuously, products withdrawn continuously.
- Steady-state, more efficient, used for large-scale production.
- Example: Oil refining, fertilizer plants, petrochemical units.
- Semi-batch process
- Combination of both. Some reactants are fed continuously while others are charged batch-wise.
- Example: Hydrogenation reactions (gas fed continuously, liquid reactants batch loaded).
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